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Published on: Updated on: Author: Zhiwei Bao Reviewed: Sen Wang

Battery Life Cycle Test Explained: Conduct Charge and Discharge Test with Battery Cycler ATE System




During the initial charging cycle in the final manufacturing process, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer [1] is formed within the battery structure. This interphase plays a critical role in defining the secondary (rechargeable) battery’s ageing characteristics, long-term performance, and operational effectiveness over its service life. Following formation, the batteries are released for use in both consumer and industrial domains, powering devices such as mobile phones and laptops, and scaling up to electric vehicles where battery packs are integrated with sophisticated battery management systems (BMS).

The formation of SEI may just take a few charge cycles of probably 5 times at a low C-rate, however, cycling as a primary method of testing the battery’s performance, plays a more critical role for the research and development stage where various battery prototypes are validated.


Fundamental to Battery Testing with Charging and Discharging

A typical battery cycling testing’s setup may include instruments including power supplies, electronic loads, voltmeters, and ammeters or probably an instrument or integrated system that comes with a mix of all of these functions (Automated Testing Equipment/ATE) [2]. Apart from the hardwares, the testing follow typically a sequence of steps that provides valuable insights into the battery’s capacity, energy efficiency and expected health over its lifespan. More information about ActionPower’s solutions for battery cycling test can be found on our solution page of battery cycler.

Battery Cell cycling charging discharging test - A comprehensive test setup diagram for battery cells. On the left, a 'Cell Under Test' connects via a red charging line to a 'Programmable DC Power Supply' and via a discharging line to a 'Programmable DC Electronic Load'. On the upper left, a PC running LabView provides control. On the right, a modular chassis and a 'Shielded I/O Connector' interface with the power supply and electronic load via bidirectional communication links.
Battery Cycling Test Topology – Credit: ActionPower ATE

To explain in some short words, the cycling testing involves repeated charging and discharging processes under different usage pattern [3] and data logging after each cycle to monitor how the battery’s performance parameters vary or are affected. The test continues repetitively and call its completion until when the battery undergoes so many cycles that it reaches the target limit with a specific degradation under its rated performance. The number of charge-discharge cycles undergone to reach this status is referred to as the cycle life of the battery, but somehow nothing a precise definition yet depends on what would be the deemed acceptable level of degradation, generally when the capacity is below 80% of its original rated capacity.

Process flowchart mapping out a cyclical battery testing procedure. The steps progress sequentially: Test Data Logging, Testing Profile, Battery Discharging with Dynamic Testing Specifications, Reset (temperature and electrochemical conditions), Battery Charging, and a final Reset. A gray loop arrow at the top indicates the cycle repeats with different testing profiles, while icons below highlight the corresponding charging, discharging, and reset states.
Battery Cycling Test Sequences – Credit: ActionPower ATE

Electrochemical Principles of Battery Cycling: Lithium-ion Battery as an Example

The fundamental to battery cycling test’s feasibility lies in the electrochemical reaction mechanisms within the battery.

Taking a lithium-ion battery for example, during charging, an externally applied voltage drives lithium ions to deintercalate from the positive electrode material and migrate through the electrolyte and separator to the negative electrode, where they intercalate into graphite or other negative electrode materials. [4]

During discharge, this process reverses, releasing stored energy to power an external load.

Technical cross-section diagram of a lithium-ion battery cell. The bottom half details the internal structure featuring a copper current collector attached to a graphite anode, an electrolyte with a separator, and an aluminum current collector attached to a cathode composed of lithium cathodic materials, binder, and carbon. The top half illustrates external connections for a load (discharging) and a power source (charging), showing the direction of electrons and current flow.
Electrochemical Principles of Lithium-ion Battery
Credit: ScienceDirect

Leverage Cycling Test to Validate Battery Characteristics in Lab and Production EOL: Two Examples

The validation of various battery performances is fundamentally achieved through the process of charge and discharge, which represents the most basic working principle underlying all testing and verification.

Battery Capability Test

Battery’s capacity may vary when it is discharged under different C-rates meanwhile that the higher the c-rate for discharging is the more susceptible battery is to ageing and deterioration.

To evaluate the capacity of a battery pack, for example, a programmable charge–discharge testing system (ATE) is employed which performs controlled charge and discharge cycles under defined capacity rates (C-rates) and voltage limits, while continuously monitoring voltage, current, and time. By integrating the discharge current over time from the initial voltage down to the specified cut-off voltage, the effective capacity of the pack can be calculated in ampere-hours (Ah). For accurate and repeatable results, the testing system ensures stable current regulation, precise voltage cut-off control, and temperature monitoring. Such automated capacity testing not only determines the usable energy content of the battery pack under different operating conditions, but also provides essential data for lifetime prediction, safety assessment, and compliance with industry standards.

Battery Life Cycle Test

Cycle life is a key parameter of a battery, closely linked to its overall service life. IEC standards specify certain requirements that the capacity of the battery should remain above 60% of the initial value after 500 cycles.

battery lify cycle test - A line graph titled 'Battery Cycle Life Test — Capacity vs Cycle Number'. The x-axis represents cycle numbers up to 1000, and the y-axis shows capacity percentage from 70% to 100%. Three curves represent Product A (green), Product B (red), and Product C (blue), demonstrating how each product's capacity degrades over time relative to a horizontal dashed 80% threshold line.
An exemplar diagram showing assumed battery products under life cycle test

 

In an actual testing scenario, cycle life of a battery pack is evaluated by repeatedly charging and discharging it with an ATE system under set C-rates, temperatures, and cut-off voltages. Each full cycle is recorded for capacity, and the retention over hundreds of cycles reveals degradation such as resistance growth and capacity loss.

Talk to ActionPower for More Battery Testing Solutions

Looking for the right testing equipment to validate your batteries? Talk to ActionPower to explore our full range of power supplies and ATE for charge-discharge testing, cycle life testing solutions, and advanced simulation platforms. From EV packs to energy storage systems, we deliver tailored solutions to meet your testing needs.


battery cycling testbench ATE power supply

BTS is a high-precision, modular battery cycler automated testing system covering the lifecycle and cycling test for traction battery pack testing for EV and battery pack for ESS applications.

Check Battery Cycler ATE


Bibliography

  • [1] An Introduction to the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Layer, Dr. Amelia Wood, Application Scientist, Link
  • [2] Battery Cycling Test and Automation Considerations, Link
  • [3] Battery Cycling Test with Usage Pattern-Based Current Consumption, Keysight Application Notes, Link
  • [4] Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery, ScienceDirect, Link

 

 

 


ActionPower research and development team

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Zhiwei Bao, SEO Engineer and technical copywriter at ActionPower
About the Author

Zhiwei Bao

Industrial Automation Power Electronics Product Marketing Field Application

Zhiwei Bao holds 20+ patents in the field of mechanical engineering and is keen on industrial automation and product marketing. His interdisciplinary background, along with his passion and initiative for learning, has led him to a profound understanding of power electronics. He manages the technical copywriting for programmable power and testing topics at ActionPower through product-marketing-driven approaches.

About Zhiwei Bao

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